A hidden truth? The positive impact of
gaming on behaviour
This critical investigation will
focus on the positive impacts of video games and whether or not they enforce
vital life skills in a view to alter the stereotype towards them. Its purpose
will be to investigate whether the effects of games like ‘Little Big Planet’
and ‘Tetris’ are being overshadowed by the negative representation and impacts of
video games portrayed by the media in both present and past times.
Traditionally parents tend to stereotype video games without knowing the true benefits
of them as a result, this investigation will hope to unravel the hidden truth
of gaming so that audiences can reap the numerous benefits of them as they are
known to ‘change your brain’[1].
[1]Tumbokon, Chacha. "The Positive and
Negative Effects of Video Games." Smart
Kids Parenting | Raise Smart Kid.N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.raisesmartkid.com/3-to-6-years-old/4-articles/34-the-good-and-bad-effects-of-video-games>.
The typical reaction
to video games would be of a negative one due to recent and past allegations of
inspiring real life massacres and acts of violence[2]. These allegations have created a moral panic
among audiences and their concern may be justified as there is evidence to
support ‘a consistent correlation between playing violent video games and aggressive
behaviours’ in reality [3]. One of the most recent examples of this would be
the Connecticut school massacre in which it is said that gunman Adam Lanza
spent hours playing violent video games such as Call of Duty [4]. This has led to criticism of violent video
games, as the National Rifle Association blamed the entertainment industry ‘specifically
the producers of violent video games for inciting
what has become a pattern of gun violence in the United
States’ [5]. These types of tragic events have occurred over the years, other
examples of video games inspiring real life acts of violence would include a Thai
student who murdered a taxi driver while trying to recreate a scene from the
Grand Theft Auto [6] as well as, Tristan van der Vlis who killed 6 people in
the tragedy known as the Alphen aan den Rijn shopping mall shooting was inspired by a game called Airport
Massacre, in which the player can choose (or not choose) to participate in the
killing of a large group of innocent people inside an airport terminal [7]. In
modern video games it is violence that is rewarded, in games such as Call of
Duty and Battlefield the sole objective is to kill, the more you kill the
better. Exposure to such violence may activate the network of associated angry
thoughts and emotions and potentially result in increased likelihood of
aggressive behaviour in real-life situations [8] this is due to desensitisation
as audiences have become numb to violence and may accept it as a way of culture.
There is also the stereotypical
argument which is most commonly used by parents that playing video games makes
you perform worse in education and there could be some truth behind that saying
as excessive gaming creates attention deficits, which in turn can lead to
poorer school performance [9]. It is also believed that video game addicts argue a
lot with their teachers, fight a lot with their friends, and score lower grades
than others who play video games less often, which is supported by a study conducted
by the Minneapolis-based National Institute for Media and the Family [10]. Not
just violent video games but any ordinary video games have been recognised to
have a negative impact on users. One of the negatives from any
video game would be, those who spend more time playing video games subsequently
have more attention problems [11] as well as games can confuse reality and
fantasy [12].
[2]Baras, Ronita. "Video Games Violence
(2): Video-game-inspired real violence | Family Matters."Family Matters
| Practical Parenting Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.ronitbaras.com/focus-on-the-family/parenting-family/video-games-violence-2-video-game-inspired-real-violence/#.UObnYazLJi5>.
[3]"Impacts
of Video Games." HOUSES
OF PARLIAMENT | PARLIAMENTARY OFFICE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY . N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2012.
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:exg_W7AYwFQJ:www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/post-pn-405.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnvVgZofQcfE-tp9vcxHpmx6JEx34-r_-e02BW9AwaQSY2FAZlN6XZSd0sQnz0SWVcG17cZbff98A0xPOSHmqKr94Kbjfs0TVP-VTgPveTApWiEzlKr9DeKdBWocHQdaUx7AqV&sig=AHIEtbSMNX0qqwIx5pDNWrOckwgCtVjDHA>.
[4] Henderson,
Barney . "Connecticut school massacre: Adam Lanza 'spent hours playing
Call Of Duty’ - Telegraph."Telegraph.co.uk - Telegraph online, Daily
Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph - Telegraph. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9752141/Connecticut-school-massacre-Adam-Lanza-spent-hours-playing-Call-Of-Duty.html>.
[5] Guarino, Mark .
"Video games and shooting: Is the NRA right? - CSMonitor.com." The
Christian Science Monitor - CSMonitor.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2012/1223/Video-games-and-shooting-Is-the-NRA-right>.
[6]"Grand Theft Auto pulled from sale
after Bangkok teen murders taxi driver 'to see if it was as easy as in the
game' | Mail Online." Home | Mail Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Aug.
2008.
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1041407/Grand-Theft-Auto-pulled-sale-Bangkok-teen-murders-taxi-driver-easy-game.html>.
[7]
Ronit. "Video Games Violence (2): Video-game-inspired real violence
| Family Matters." Family Matters | Practical Parenting Blog. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 9 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.ronitbaras.com/focus-on-the-family/parenting-family/video-games-violence-2-video-game-inspired-real-violence/#.UQhIoPLLJi5>.
[8]Vorderer,
Peter, and Jennings Bryant.Playing video games: motives, responses, and
consequences. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006. Print.
[9]Anderson , Craig A , and Wayne A Warburton.
"The impact of violent video games: An overview." Chapter in W.
Warburton & D. Braunstein (Eds.) Growing Up Fast and Furious: Reviewing the
Impacts of Violent and Sexualised Media on Children, (pp. 56-84). Annandale,
NSW, Australia: The Federation Press.. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 June 2012.
<https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8Vi2XWkpyJwJ:www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2010-2014/12AW.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESik2bZ5x7aJVtaWRHYcj7sgRSKq4OlHduSNBFNqOutiW4nTfQVG0klFYO2JMqp5vb6t3XIirRAsiCLYx9EjkiA9jI7oX4-xi6K731pkAZcKLn2orv2emKVuauk6leh7hhXtkvzd&sig=AHIEtbTukeQJAKhS-MeP7BZ8sP53rdjtkw>.
[10] Tumbokon,
Chacha. "The Positive and Negative Effects of Video Games." Smart Kids Parenting | Raise Smart
Kid. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.raisesmartkid.com/3-to-6-years-old/4-articles/34-the-good-and-bad-effects-of-video-games>.
[11] Attention Problems, and Impulsiveness:
Evidence of Bidirectional Causality." AQA. Psychology of Popular
Media Culture, Vol 1(1), n.d. Jan. 2012.
<www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/ppm-1-1-62.pdf>.
[12] Barbie.
"Effects of Computer Games on Children » Echomon.co.uk."Echomon.co.uk
» Ultimate source for all things sexy and cool. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 July
2012. <http://echomon.co.uk/effects-of-computer-games-on-children/>.
Games can be good, not just for an individual but on a wider scale to. Gaming is beneficial for the family as supported by Patricia Vance, president of The Entertainment Software Rating Board [13]. It is also beneficial for society as violent people are attracted to violent games [14] and the time they spend on gaming cannot be spent on other activities, both legitimate or violent which could result in a decrease in crime [15]. Research by the University of Texas found that for every 10% increase in the number of violent games sold, the crime rate dropped by 1% [16].
There are many skills that are
required whilst playing a video game, these include logic, memory,
visualisation and problem solving [17], these are just some of the many
required. Videogames have the
potential to enhance team work skills as users can interact and work together
with one another online as a result many people have gained key skills an
example of this would be Washburn student Adam Bideau who said “It taught me to
work in a group” [18].It is also a known a fact that playing video games
‘increases reaction times, improves hand-eye co-ordination and raises players
self-esteem’ [19]. Gaming improves basic math and reading skills
as children learn to interact with the score counters on videogames as well as
reading instructions involved in video games e.g. play, quit, etc [20]. According to a
study, ‘people who played action-based video games made decisions 25 %faster
than others without sacrificing accuracy’[21]. Researchers of University of
Rochester learned that game players are capable of paying ‘attention to more
than six things at once without getting confused’ in comparison to non-gamers
who were capable of only four[22].This is reinforced by C. Shawn Green saying
"Games teach your brain to focus on the important things and filter out
distractions" [23]. psychologist Daphne
Maurer, director of the Visual Development Lab at McMaster University in
Ontario, showed that playing video games could improve the eyesight of those
who are born with cataracts [24].James Gee, a professor of learning
sciences at the University of Wisconsin, stated “We had a hard time finding kids who were bad at school but good
at games,”[25] this goes against the stereotype of video games having a
negative impact on the education of children. Both directly and
indirectly video games can enhance the social relationship of youngsters [26],
the ability of using the online feature to play with your friends is the direct
way video games have done this and the indirect way would be that the following
day or sometime soon after users discuss events that occurred whilst they was
playing video games. Playing video games is seen to improve visual-spatial ability which is the ability to mentally
manipulate two- and three dimensional objects [27].Hence it is
clear that there is a causal relationship between video game playing and
enhanced visual attention skills [28].Video games have taken aboard Blumler and
Katz theory of uses and gratifications by providing escapism for the user, this
is supported by Professor Talmadge Wright of Loyola University who had this to
say "It gives people an option
of actively participating in some kind of fantasy role they could not do in
real life that allows them to play with their own feelings"[29].
It is a common misconception that
violent video games have no benefits for the user, this is incorrect as violent
video games do possess benefits for the audience. ‘Some gamers say playing
violent games can relieve stress and frustrations’ [30]. An unexpected effect
of playing violent video games is that they can give people a better tolerance
for pain which is backed by the research conducted at Keele University [31].
[13]Steinberg, Scott . "Why Video Games
Are Good For You." The
Modern Parent's GUIDE. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. < http://www.parentsguidebooks.com/Why%20Video%20Games%20are%20Good%20for%20Kids%20and%20Parents.pdf>.
[14] Cunningham, A. Scott, and
Benjamin Engelstätter. Understanding the effects of
violent video games on violent crime. Mannheim: ZEW, 2011. Print.
[15] "Violent video games
'reduce crime' - Telegraph." Telegraph.co.uk
- Telegraph online, Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph - Telegraph. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2011. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/8798927/Violent-video-games-reduce-crime.html>.
[16] DuBois, Maurice.
"New Study Suggests The More Young People Play Video Games The Less Likely
They Are To Commit Crimes « CBS New York." CBS New York. N.p., n.d. Web.
24 May 2011.
<http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/05/24/study-video-games-actually-lower-crime/>.
[17] Amory, Alan , Kevin
Naicker , Jacky Vincent , and Claudia Adams. "The use of computer games as
an educational tool: identification of appropriate game types and game
elements." British Journal of Educational Technology. N.p., n.d.
Oct. 1999. <http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFsMM09/Use%20of%20computer%20games%20as%20an%20educational%20tool%20identification%20of%20appropriate%20game%20types%20and%20game%20elements.pdf>.
[18]Steinberg,
Scott . "Why Video Games Are Good For You." The Modern Parent's GUIDE.
N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. < http://www.parentsguidebooks.com/Why%20Video%20Games%20are%20Good%20for%20Kids%20and%20Parents.pdf>.
[19] Pearson, Elaine, and
Chris Bailey. "Evaluating the potential of the Nintendo Wii to support
disabled students in education." Providing
choices for learners and learning. Proceedings ascilite Singapore 2007.
N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2007. <www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/singapore07/procs/pearson-poster.pdf>
[20] Griffiths,
Mark. "The educational benefits of videogames. | SHEU." SHEU | the Schools and Students
Health Education Unit. Schools Health Education Unit, 2002.
<http://sheu.org.uk/x/eh203mg.pdf>.
[21] Rasmussen,
Rune H.. "The benefits of video games." kidsandmedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 3
Dec. 2012. <http://kidsandmedia.org/the-benefits-of-video-games/>.
[22] Rasmussen,
Rune H.. "The benefits of video games." kidsandmedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 3
Dec. 2012. <http://kidsandmedia.org/the-benefits-of-video-games/>.
[23] "Unlocked: Real-Life
Benefits Of Video Games |Men's Health Singapore." Your Most Useful Online Men's
Magazine |Men's Health Singapore. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.menshealth.com.sg/health/unlocked-real-life-benefits-video-games>.
[24] Reilly, Luke. "5 Reasons Video Games
Are Actually Good for You - IGN." Video Games, Wikis, Cheats,
Walkthroughs, Reviews, News & Videos - IGN. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Sept.
2012. <http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/09/10/5-reasons-video-games-are-actually-good-for-you>.
[25] Johnson,
Steven. "Your Brain on Video Games." Discover Magazine: The latest in
science and technology news, blogs and articles. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 July
2005. <http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jul/brain-on-video-games#.ULpgQGeLU68>.
[26] Gunter,
Barrie. The effects of video
games on children: the myth unmasked. Sheffield, England: Sheffield
Academic Press, 1998. Print.
[27] Griffiths,
Mark. "The educational benefits of videogames. | SHEU." SHEU | the Schools and Students
Health Education Unit. Schools Health Education Unit, 2002.
<http://sheu.org.uk/x/eh203mg.pdf>.
[28] Murphy,
Karen, and Amy Spencer. "Playing video games does not make for better
visual attention skills." Journal
of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis: 2009, Vol.6 Issue 1, p1.
N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2009. <www.jasnh.com/pdf/Vol6-No1.pdf>.
[29] Ward, Mark.
"BBC NEWS | Technology | Gaming 'is good for you'." BBC News - Home. N.p., n.d.
Web. 12 Feb. 2003. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2744449.stm>.
[30]"Impacts
of Video Games." HOUSES
OF PARLIAMENT | PARLIAMENTARY OFFICE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY . N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2012.
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:exg_W7AYwFQJ:www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/post-pn-405.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnvVgZofQcfE-tp9vcxHpmx6JEx34-r_-e02BW9AwaQSY2FAZlN6XZSd0sQnz0SWVcG17cZbff98A0xPOSHmqKr94Kbjfs0TVP-VTgPveTApWiEzlKr9DeKdBWocHQdaUx7AqV&sig=AHIEtbSMNX0qqwIx5pDNWrOckwgCtVjDHA>.
[31] "2012 - Keele University." Keele
University. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012.
<http://www.keele.ac.uk/pressreleases/2012/violentvideogamescaneasepain.php>.
Some would argue
that video games have provided benefits for users for a long time now, through
games such as Tetris which was created back in 1984. Playing Tetris requires the
audience to use various skills, this is supported by Dr Richard Haier who said “(Tetris)
requires many cognitive processes like attention, hand-eye co-ordination,
memory and visual spatial problem solving all working together quickly” [32].
It is said the more you play Tetris, the more efficient your brain becomes as
well as improving your hand eye co-ordination [33],and this simple game of
rotating blocks to fit into a grid may even make you smarter [34]. There are
also further benefits for consumers revealed in a study conducted by the Mind
Research Network which shows that playing Tetris can improve critical thinking,
planning skills, reasoning, and even language [35]. Some would say these skills are
provided from various other games, however Tetris is unique as it goes beyond
the benefits of an ordinary game. Oxford
Oxford University scientists
found that playing Tetris shortly after a traumatic event may help prevent bad memories
and reduce distressing flashbacks which was unique as when another computer
game was tested, it made people’s flashbacks worse [36]. There is evidence to support that the simple
game of Tetris which many users play for fun and entertainment may actually
help people mentally and reduce stress, this is supported by Dr Emily
Holmes of the Department of Psychiatry at Oxford University who said “This is only a first step in showing that this
might be a viable approach to preventing post-traumatic stress disorder” [37].
[32]"Study:
Tetris Is Good for Your Brain | Fox News." Fox News - Breaking News
Updates | Latest News Headlines | Photos & News Videos. N.p., n.d. Web. 6
Oct. 2008.
<http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2009/10/06/study-tetris-good-brain/>.
[33]"Play Tetris to
Achieve Your Dreams | Exile Lifestyle." Entrepreneurship
and World Travel with Colin Wright | Exile Lifestyle. N.p., n.d. Web. 22
June 2009. <http://exilelifestyle.com/play-tetris-achieve-dreams/>.
[34]Vanderkam, Laura.
"News Blog: How Tetris makes you smarter." Science News, Articles and
Information | Scientific American. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2008.
<http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=how-tetris-makes-you-smarter>.
[35]Toor, Amar.
"Scientists: 'Tetris' Makes You Smarter." Tech and Internet Industry News -
HuffPost Tech. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.switched.com/2009/10/08/scientists-tetris-makes-you-smarter/>.
[36]Song, Sora. "Study:
Playing Tetris to Prevent PTSD Flashbacks | TIME.com."Health &
Family | A healthy balance of the mind, body and spirit | TIME.com. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2010.
<http://healthland.time.com/2010/11/10/study-playing-tetris-to-prevent-ptsd-flashbacks/>.
[37]Alleyne,
Richard, and Science Correspondent. " Playing the video game 'Tetris'
could reduce trauma, claim Oxford University - Telegraph."Telegraph.co.uk
- Telegraph online, Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph - Telegraph. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2009.
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/4142908/Playing-the-video-game-Tetris-could-reduce-trauma-claim-Oxford-University.html>.
The gaming industry has changed
significantly over the years, benefiting from the improvement in technology. The
development of new consoles such as the Ps3, by Sony, has provided a platform for
video game creators to take gaming to a whole new level. Modern day games such
as Little Big Planet, created by Media Molecule, has given the power to consumers like never
before which is supported by David
Buckingham, Professor of Media and Communications at Loughborough University
who had this to say, ‘In the
age of Media 2.0, ordinary people are no longer mere consumers of media, but
also producers’[38]. A game like
Little Big Planet lets the user become a producer in various ways, from
designing your own sack boy to creating your own levels, these features are
specific to Little Big Planet however, every modern game lets consumers become
producers through YouTube. YouTube is a video sharing website which is commonly
used by gamers to upload user generated content of them playing a specific game
in the form of a video. One would think giving the chance for consumers to
become producers would increase the popularity and sales of games however the gaming industry has suffered a decline recently, ‘in 2011 retail
sales of video games fell by 8% which was followed by a further 20% in 2012’ [39]
. Although in recent times there has been a large decline in sales of video
which may have been due to the struggling economy [40] it is predicted that in
the coming years the gaming industry will grow to a staggering $82 billion by
2017 [41] which could provide a huge boost to our current economical state but
how beneficial will this growth be for a consumer?
[38]Buckingham,
David . "In the Age of Media Six Questions about Media and
Participation." EMC
English & Media Centre. MediaMagazine , n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. < http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/mmagpast/MM39_Participation_6ques.html>.
[39] Suellentrop, Chris, and Stephen Totilo.
"Video Game Retail Sales Decline Despite New Hits - NYTimes.com." The
New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia.N.p., n.d. Web.
3 Oct. 2012.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/arts/video-games/video-game-retail-sales-decline-despite-new-hits.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>.
[40] Suellentrop, Chris, and Stephen Totilo.
"Video Game Retail Sales Decline Despite New Hits - NYTimes.com." The
New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia.N.p., n.d. Web.
3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/arts/video-games/video-game-retail-sales-decline-despite-new-hits.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>.
[41] Gaudiosi, John. "New Reports Forecast
Global Video Game Industry Will Reach $82 Billion By 2017 - Forbes." Information
for the World's Business Leaders - Forbes.com.N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2012.
<http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngaudiosi/2012/07/18/new-reports-forecasts-global-video-game-industry-will-reach-82-billion-by-2017/>
In conclusion, I believe video
games have their pros and cons but it depends on various factors to what they
provide to users. Excessive gaming can
impact the user in a lot more negative ways and limiting your gaming hours to a
bare minimum would mean the user misses out on a chance to develop key life
skills which video games can provide. The key is to find the right balance, in
doing so the user can be affected by the positives and not have to endure the
negatives that gaming could bring. Another key factor is the type of game the
user plays, as violent games may bring damaging effects on the user whereas, a
game like Tetris would test the brain and could potentially make you smarter. I
believe the ‘responsibility ultimately falls on the parents to be aware and
control the content and material their kids are taking’ in which is supported
by Cameron Koch who has previously written video game reviews
for the Herald [42]. The Byron Review supports this, this is a UK
government commissioned review, led by Psychologist Dr Tanya Byron, of the
risks to children from the internet and video games [43]. Along with the review
there were also recommendations released and one of these was improving the
information and advice for parents and gamers about parental controls and age
classification systems [44]. Fulfilling this need to educate parents about
their responsibility to monitor game play will allow users to maximise the
benefits that are provided by video games and minimise the negatives that they
bring which could result in a much smarter and non-violent society. As Douglas
Gentile, psychologist at Iowa State University says “Games are not good
or bad, but are powerful educational tools” [45].
[42]Koch,
Cameron. "Cameron Koch: Video games not to blame for real violence -
College Heights Herald: Opinion." College
Heights Herald: Western Kentucky University. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012.
<http://wkuherald.com/opinion/article_acb6bc64-4bb5-11e2-84e5-0019bb30f31a.html>.
[43]Byron, Tanya . "BBC
NEWS | Technology | At a glance: The Byron Review." BBC News - Home. N.p., n.d.
Web. 27 Mar. 2008. < http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7316700.stm>.
[44]"Impacts
of Video Games." HOUSES
OF PARLIAMENT | PARLIAMENTARY OFFICE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY . N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2012.
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:exg_W7AYwFQJ:www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/post-pn-405.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnvVgZofQcfE-tp9vcxHpmx6JEx34-r_-e02BW9AwaQSY2FAZlN6XZSd0sQnz0SWVcG17cZbff98A0xPOSHmqKr94Kbjfs0TVP-VTgPveTApWiEzlKr9DeKdBWocHQdaUx7AqV&sig=AHIEtbSMNX0qqwIx5pDNWrOckwgCtVjDHA>.
[45]Ostrovsky, Gene.
"Studies Show Benefits of Video Game Playing." medGadget. N.p., n.d. Web. 19
Aug. 2008.
<http://www.medgadget.com/2008/08/studies_show_benefits_of_video_game_playing.html>.
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